Compulsive behavior is behavior which a person does compulsively—in other words, not because they want to behave that way, but because they feel they have to do so.

Mental health professionals have identified signs of compulsive behavior in various disorders such as:

  1. Obsessive–compulsive disorder – obsessive, distressing, intrusive thoughts and related compulsions which attempt to neutralize the obsessions.
  2. Drug addiction The related concept of drug addiction has many different definitions. Some writers give in fact drug addiction the same meaning as substance dependence, others for example provides drug addiction a narrower meaning which excludes drugs without evidence of tolerance or withdrawal symptoms – a condition where a person takes a drug compulsively, despite potential harm to themselves, or their desire to stop.

See also

Anxiety disorder Anxiety disorders are blanket terms covering several different forms of abnormal and pathological fear and anxiety which only came under the aegis of psychiatry at the very end of the 19th century. Current psychiatric diagnostic criteria recognize a wide variety of anxiety disorders. Recent surveys have found that as many as 18% of Americans may: Obsessive–compulsive disorder (F42 The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision is a coding of diseases and signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or diseases, as classified by the World Health Organization (WHO).. This page contains ICD-10 Chapter V: Mental and, 300.3 benzodiazepine: SID · SUD (Benzodiazepine drug misuse, Benzodiazepine dependence))
History Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale
Biology
Neuroanatomy Basal ganglia The basal ganglia are a group of nuclei in the brains of vertebrates, situated at the base of the forebrain and strongly connected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus and other areas. The basal ganglia are associated with a variety of functions, including motor control and learning. Currently popular theories implicate the basal ganglia primarily (striatum The striatum, also known as neostriatum or striate nucleus, is a subcortical part of the forebrain. It is the major input station of the basal ganglia system. In primates (including humans), the striatum is divided by a white matter tract called the internal capsule into two sectors called the caudate nucleus and putamen) · Orbitofrontal cortex The orbitofrontal cortex is a prefrontal cortex region in the frontal lobes in the brain which is involved in the cognitive processing of decision-making. It consists in non-human primates of the association cortex areas brodmann area 11, 12 and 13; in humans it consists of brodmann area 10, 11 and 47 Because of its functions in emotion and reward, · Cingulate cortex The cingulate cortex is a part of the brain situated in the medial aspect of the cortex. It includes the cortex of the cingulate gyrus, which lies immediately above the corpus callosum, and the continuation of this in the cingulate sulcus. The cingulate cortex is usually considered part of the limbic lobe, separate from the adjacent frontal and · Brain-derived neurotrophic factor Brain-derived neurotrophic factor also known as BDNF is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the BDNF gene. BDNF is a member of the "neurotrophin" family of growth factors, which are related to the canonical "Nerve Growth Factor", NGF. Neurotrophic factors are found in the brain and the periphery
Receptors 5-HT1Dβ 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1D, also known as HTR1D, is a 5-HT receptor, but also denotes the human gene encoding it. 5-HT1D acts on the central nervous system, and affects locomotion and anxiety. It also induces vascular vasoconstriction in the brain. Ergotamine works primarily through the 5-HT1B receptor, since the effect through the 5-HT1D · 5-HT2A The mammalian 5-HT2A receptor is a subtype of the 5-HT2 receptor that belongs to the serotonin receptor family and is a G protein-coupled receptor . This is the main excitatory receptor subtype among the GPCRs for serotonin (5-HT), although 5-HT2A may also have an inhibitory effect[citation needed] on certain areas such as the visual cortex and · 5-HT2C The 5-HT2C receptor is a subtype of 5-HT receptor that binds the endogenous neurotransmitter serotonin . It is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that is coupled to Gq/G11 and mediates excitatory neurotransmission. HTR2C denotes the human gene encoding for the receptor · μ Opioid The μ-opioid receptors are a class of opioid receptors with high affinity for enkephalins and beta-endorphin but low affinity for dynorphins. They are also referred to as μ opioid peptide (MOP) receptors. The prototypical μ receptor agonist is the opium alkaloid morphine; μ (mu) refers to morphine · H2 H2 receptors are positively coupled to adenylate cyclase via Gs. It is a potent stimulant of cAMP production. It increases the intracellular Ca2+ concentrations and release Ca2+ from intracellular stores. The drug betazole is an example of a Histamine H2 receptor agonist · NK1 The tachykinin receptor 1 also known as neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) or substance P receptor (SPR) is a G protein coupled receptor found in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. The endogenous ligand for this receptor is Substance P, although it has some affinity for other tachykinins. The protein is the product of the TACR1 · M4 The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4, also known as the cholinergic receptor, muscarinic 4 , is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the CHRM4 gene · NMDA The NMDAR is a specific type of ionotropic glutamate receptor. NMDA is the name of a selective agonist that binds to NMDA receptors but not to other glutamate receptors. Activation of NMDA receptors results in the opening of an ion channel that is nonselective to cations. A unique property of the NMDA receptor is its voltage-dependent activation, · non-NMDA
Symptoms Obsessions Intrusive thoughts are unwelcome involuntary thoughts, images, or unpleasant ideas that may become obsessions, are upsetting or distressing, and can be difficult to manage or eliminate. Intrusive thoughts, urges, and images are of inappropriate things at inappropriate times, usually falling into three categories: "inappropriate aggressive (associative In anthropology, psychology, and cognitive science, magical thinking is causal reasoning that applies unwarranted weight to coincidence and often includes such ideas as the ability of the mind to affect the physical world , and correlation mistaken for causation. Associative thinking may be brought into play, as well as the power of magical, diagnostic Hypochondriasis, hypochondria refers to excessive preoccupation or worry about having a serious illness. An individual suffering from hypochondriasis is known as a hypochondriac. Often, hypochondria persists even after a physician has evaluated a person and reassured them that their concerns about symptoms do not have an underlying medical basis, injurious, scrupulous Scrupulosity is a psychological disorder characterized by pathological guilt about moral or religious issues. It is personally distressing, objectively dysfunctional, and often accompanied by significant impairment in social functioning. It is typically conceptualized as a moral or religious form of obsessive–compulsive disorder , although this, pathogenic Mysophobia is a term used to describe a pathological fear of contact with dirt, to avoid contamination and germs. Someone who has such a fear is often referred to as a mysophobe. The term was introduced by Dr. William Alexander Hammond in 1879 when describing a case of obsessive-compulsive disorder exhibited in repeatedly washing one's hands. This, sexual) · Compulsions (impulses An impulse is a wish or urge, particularly a sudden one. It can be considered as a normal and fundamental part of human thought processes, but also one that can become problematic, as in a condition like obsessive-compulsive disorder, rituals, tics A tic is a sudden, repetitive, nonrhythmic, stereotyped motor movement or vocalization involving discrete muscle groups. Tics can be invisible to the observer, such as abdominal tensing or toe crunching. Common motor and phonic tics are, respectively, eye blinking and throat clearing. Movements of other movement disorders must be distinguished) · Thought suppression Thought suppression is the process of deliberately trying to stop thinking about certain thoughts . It is often associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder, in which a sufferer will repeatedly (usually unsuccessfully) attempt to prevent or "neutralize" intrusive distressing thoughts centered around one or more obsession. It is also (avoidance) · Hoarding (animals Animal hoarding involves keeping higher than usual numbers of animals as pets without having the ability to properly house or care for them, while at the same time denying this inability. Compulsive hoarding can be characterized as a symptom of mental disorder rather than deliberate cruelty towards animals. Hoarders are deeply attached to their, books Bibliomania is an obsessive–compulsive disorder involving the collecting or hoarding of books to the point where social relations or health are damaged. One of several psychological disorders associated with books, bibliomania is characterized by the collecting of books which have no use to the collector nor any great intrinsic value to a, possessions Compulsive hoarding is the excessive acquisition of possessions (and failure to use or discard them), even if the items are worthless, hazardous, or unsanitary. Compulsive hoarding impairs mobility and interferes with basic activities, including cooking, cleaning, showering, and sleeping. A person who engages in compulsive hoarding is commonly)
Treatment
Serotonergics Serotonergic or serotoninergic means "related to the neurotransmitter serotonin". A synapse is serotonergic if it uses serotonin as its neurotransmitter. A substance is serotonergic if it is capable of producing, altering, or releasing serotonin
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitor are a class of compounds typically used as antidepressants in the treatment of depression, anxiety disorders, and some personality disorders. They are also typically effective and used in treating premature ejaculation problems as well as some cases of insomnia Escitalopram Escitalopram is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class. It is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment in adults with major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder , or panic disorder. Escitalopram is the S-stereoisomer (enantiomer) of the · Fluoxetine EU EMA:Link, US FDA:link · Fluvoxamin Fluvoxamine is an antidepressant which functions as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Fluvoxamine was first approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1993 for the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Fluvoxamine CR (controlled release) is approved to treat social anxiety disorder. Fluvoxamine is also · Paroxetine US FDA:link · Sertraline Sertraline hydrochloride is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class. It was introduced to the market by Pfizer in 1991. Sertraline is primarily used to treat major depression in adult outpatients as well as obsessive–compulsive, panic, and social anxiety disorders in both adults and children. In 2007, it was · Citalopram Citalopram is an antidepressant drug of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class. It has FDA approval to treat major depression, and is prescribed off-label for a number of anxiety conditions · Nefazodone Nefazodone is an antidepressant marketed by Bristol-Myers Squibb. Its sale was discontinued in 2003 in some countries due to the rare incidence of hepatotoxicity (liver damage), which could lead to the need for a liver transplant, or even death. The incidence of severe liver damage is approximately 1 in every 250,000 to 300,000 patient-years. On
Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors are a class of antidepressant drugs used in the treatment of major depression and other mood disorders. They are sometimes also used to treat anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), chronic neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS), Venlafaxine Venlafaxine is an arylalkanolamine serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). It has a similar chemical structure to the opioid derivative tramadol, and has the tertiary amine functional group necessary for µ-opioid receptor recognition (cf. lefetamine), though it is unknown whether it has an opioid agonist effect. It is surprisingly · Desvenlafaxine US FDA:link
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors Monoamine oxidase inhibitors are a class of powerful antidepressant drugs prescribed for the treatment of depression. They are particularly effective in treating atypical depression, and have also shown efficacy in smoking cessation Phenelzine Phenelzine is a non-selective and irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) of the hydrazine class which is used as an antidepressant and anxiolytic. Along with tranylcypromine and isocarboxazid, phenelzine is one of the few non-selective MAOIs still in widespread clinical use · Tranylcypromine Tranylcypromine is a drug of the substituted phenethylamine and amphetamine classes which acts as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI)—it is a non-selective and irreversible inhibitor of the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO). It is used as an antidepressant and anxiolytic agent in the clinical treatment of mood and anxiety disorders, respectively
Tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic antidepressants are heterocyclic chemical compounds used primarily as antidepressants. The TCAs were first discovered in the early 1950s and were subsequently introduced later in the decade. They are named after their chemical structure, which contains three rings of atoms. The tetracyclic antidepressants (TeCAs), which contain four Clomipramine Clomipramine is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA). It was developed in the 1960s by the Swiss drug manufacturer Geigy (now known as Novartis) and has been in clinical use worldwide ever since
Serotonergic psychedelics Lysergic acid diethylamide · Psilocin
Nootropics Inositol
Mu opioidergics Hydrocodone · Morphine · Tramadol
Anticholinergics Diphenhydramine
NMDA glutamatergics Riluzole
NK-1 tachykininergics Aprepitant
Other Nicotine · Memantine · Tautomycin
Behavioral Cognitive behavioral therapy (Exposure and response prevention)
Organizations OCD Action
Notable people Edna B. Foa · Stanley Rachman · Adam S. Radomsky · Jeffrey M. Schwartz · Susan Swedo
Popular culture
Literature
Fictional Matchstick Men · Plyushkin
Nonfiction Everything in Its Place
Media Monk · As Good as It Gets · Matchstick Men · The Aviator · Adrian Monk
Related Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder · Obsessional jealousy · Purely Obsessional OCD · Social anxiety disorder · Tourette syndrome

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